<![CDATA[Air pollution has become an increasingly serious environmental problem in Indonesia, particularly on the island of Java, which has the highest levels of urbanization, population density, and economic activity. Pressure on air quality is driven by population growth, increasing energy consumption, and the intensification of economic activities. This study aims to analyze the influence of population size, electricity users, and Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) on the Air Quality Index (AQI) on the island of Java during the period 2016–2022. This study employs a quantitative approach using panel data from six provinces on the island of Java. The analytical method used is panel data regression. The results indicate that population size and electricity users have a positive and significant effect on the AQI, while GRDP has a negative effect with relatively low elasticity. These findings suggest that air quality dynamics on the island of Java are more closely associated with demographic factors and energy consumption than with regional economic growth. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of strengthening emission control policies and accelerating the transition toward cleaner energy to support sustainable economic development.]]>
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