Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Enhances Phenolic, Flavonoid, and Antioxidant Profiles of Spatholobus littoralis Roots

Muchammad Reza Ghozaly (Department of Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, 16424)
Berna Elya (Department of Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, 16424)
Muhammad Hanafi (Research Center of Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Serpong, Banten, 15314)
Heri Setiawan (Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, 16424)

Indonesian Journal of Jamu
Vol. 11 No. 3 (2026): Jurnal Jamu Indonesia

Spatholobus littoralis Hassk. roots contain antioxidant-related compounds whose recovery may be influenced by extraction method and solvent polarity. This study compared ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 96% ethanol to evaluate their effects on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and DPPH radical-scavenging activity. Among the tested conditions, 96% ethanol combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction produced the highest phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity, with values of 89.33 mg GAE/g, 40.10 mg QE/g, and IC₅₀ 72.27 µg/mL, respectively. Strong negative correlations were observed between DPPH IC₅₀ and both total phenolic content (r = −0.961) and total flavonoid content (r = −0.941). These findings indicate that ultrasound-assisted extraction with 96% ethanol was the most effective condition for obtaining antioxidant-rich S. littoralis root extract in this study.