<![CDATA[This systematic review examines how student agency has been defined, operationalized, and measured across primary, secondary, and higher education. Using a structured search strategy across major academic databases, 45 empirical and conceptual studies were analysed through thematic synthesis. The findings indicate that student agency is predominantly conceptualized as a multidimensional construct encompassing personal, relational, and contextual resources. Measurement practices are largely grounded in social-cognitive traditions, emphasizing self-efficacy, motivation, self-regulation, and proactive engagement within domain-specific instructional contexts. While these approaches have strengthened the empirical measurement of agency, they tend to capture it primarily as a situational learning-related capacity. In learning environments increasingly shaped by digital and AI-mediated processes, this focus leaves learners’ intentionality, autonomy, and responsibility only partially examined. Emotional, relational, and structural dimensions of agency also remain underrepresented. The review highlights the need for integrated frameworks that combine instructional, assessment, and school-based counselling perspectives to support student agency as both a learning-related and psychological capacity in contemporary educational contexts. The review highlights the need for integrated approaches that combine instructional, assessment, and school-based counselling perspectives. Such integration is essential for advancing measurement frameworks and interventions that support student agency as both a learning-related and psychological capacity in contemporary educational contexts.]]>
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