<![CDATA[Embankment dams are susceptible to seepage problems that can trigger internal erosion and structural failure. This study analyzes the relationship between reservoir water level elevation and seepage behavior of Bendo Dam using three years of continuous monitoring data (December 2021–November 2024). The analysis integrates pore water pressure measurements and seepage discharge records at two representative operational scenarios: elevations +196.82 m and +220.62 m. Using second-order polynomial regression, the study calculates hydraulic gradient (i) and seepage index (QI) according to ICOLD and SNI 8065:2016 guidelines, and maps the phreatic line. Results show QI = 0.03 (at reservoir elevation +196.82 m) and QI = 0.01 (at reservoir elevation +220.62 m), both substantially below the critical threshold (QI ≤ 1), indicating safe seepage conditions. The phreatic line consistently remains within the filter zone and positioned lower than Dupuit–Forchheimer theoretical predictions, confirming the effectiveness of the clay core in controlling seepage. Average hydraulic gradients (0.70 and 1.43) at low and normal reservoir elevations remain below the critical threshold (2.5–3.0). High regression coefficients (R² ≈ 1) demonstrate stable seepage behavior with no evidence of internal erosion. In conclusion, Bendo Dam operates safely under current conditions. To ensure long-term safety assurance, continued monitoring and model refinement remain essential.]]>
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