<![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal parameters of forced defense (noodweer) and forced defense beyond the limit (noodweer exces) in the transition of criminal law from the old Criminal Code (Wetboek van Strafreth) to Law Number 1 of 2023. The research method used in this study is normative juridical statutory and conceptual approach. the replacement of the Old Criminal Code (Wetboek van Strafreth), Law Number 1 of 2023 provides systematic clarity with a clear separation between justification and excuse reasons in forced defense (noodweer). However, in practice, in practice, the defense of self-defense is often rejected due to fraud to prove the immediate element in the attack incident, and there is a failure to show a causal relationship in the attack on the grounds of "severe mental shock". This gives rise to decisions with varying results because there is no standard for assessing these factors. This study concludes the need for criminal law reform in the standardization of forensic psychological evidence to ensure legal certainty and avoid subjectivity in judges' decisions.]]>
Copyrights © 2026
