<![CDATA[This study presents a normative legal analysis of the absence of lex specialis protection of indigenous people customary rights in Indonesian agrarian law. Whereas the 1945 Constitution and Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) formally acknowledge customary rights (hak ulayat), sectoral legislations restrict their application according to state and corporate interests. Using a normative juridical approach, this research analyzes constitutional norms, legislative environments, and court practice in order to identify legal protection deficiencies. The study finds that the lack of a lex specialis environment results in inconsistency, legal uncertainty, and social injustice against indigenous peoples, particularly land disputes and the extraction of natural resources. Comparative studies with Malaysia and the Philippines indicate that some legislation can effectively safeguard indigenous rights while ensuring the interests of national development. This research concludes that Indonesia needs to have a lex specialis law at once to balance state law and customary law, ensure constitutional compliance, and provide justice and certainty to indigenous people.]]>
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