<![CDATA[This study examines the practice of illegal mining (PETI) in Batangk Atas District, Ketapang Regency, West Kalimantan Province, as a social phenomenon emerging within conditions of economic and ecological uncertainty. The study aims to analyze the formation and persistence of PETI as a livelihood strategy for local communities, as well as how miners perceive and manage risks to their bodies and the environment. A qualitative ethnographic approach was employed, with data collected through literature review, participant observation, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and documentation during fieldwork conducted in collaboration with Gaia Indonesia as part of the Socio-Economic Study Project in August 2025. The analysis is grounded in risk society framework to examine the relationship between risk, modernity, and informal economic practices. The findings indicate that PETI cannot be understood merely as an illegal activity, but rather as a historically institutionalized practice that generates enduring structural risks, including occupational accidents, mercury exposure, and environmental degradation, which are addressed by local communities through adaptive strategies to sustain their livelihoods.]]>
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