<![CDATA[Hydrogen production by water splitting is one of the most effective technologies for supporting the transition to clean energy, as it can produce green hydrogen with low carbon emissions. The performance of this process is influenced by the characteristics of the electrocatalytic materials used as electrodes. Therefore, the development of materials with high electrocatalytic activity, good stability, and optimal charge transfer efficiency remains a key focus of research. A literature review methodology involving the analysis and investigate of various scientific publications on the development of semiconductor- and metal oxide-based electrocatalysts, including BiVO₄, TiO₂, CuO/ZnO, and NiFe₂O₄, for hydrogen production via water splitting. A variety of research indicate that each material exhibits distinct mechanisms for performance enhancement, such as visible light absorption capability, chemical stability, the formation of p/n-type heterojunctions, and redox mechanisms within spinel structures. In morphological engineering strategies, the formation of heterostructures, optimization of electronic structures, and interface engineering can increase current density, reduce overpotential, and accelerate charge transfer in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER). The integration of various material engineering strategies represents a promising approach in the development of efficient, stable, and sustainable electrocatalysts to support future green hydrogen production.]]>
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