<![CDATA[The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Indonesian Criminal Code marks a fundamental transformation in national criminal law, particularly in the doctrine of criminal liability. The previous Criminal Code, rooted in the colonial Wetboek van Strafrecht, did not systematically codify the principle of culpability, leading to conceptual ambiguities and inconsistent application, especially regarding corporate liability and forms of fault. This research aims to analyze the reformulation of criminal liability principles under the 2023 Criminal Code and its theoretical and practical implications. Employing normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, this study finds that the new Code explicitly affirms the principle of “no punishment without fault,” codifies distinctions of fault, and systematically regulates corporate criminal liability. The reform strengthens legal certainty, doctrinal coherence, and alignment with constitutional principles. Nevertheless, effective implementation requires interpretative guidelines and institutional readiness.]]>
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