<![CDATA[This study examines the conflict of authority between customary institutions and state law enforcement agencies in resolving criminal cases, as well as the potential for human rights violations in the application of customary sanctions. This research aims to analyze such conflicts and examine the efforts for harmonization within the national legal system. This study employs a normative legal method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The results indicate that although customary law is recognized as living law under the Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 and Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang KUHP, there is no clear regulation governing the relationship between customary dispute resolution and the formal criminal justice system. This condition creates a dualism of legal processes, where cases resolved through customary mechanisms are still processed in formal courts, potentially resulting in double punishment. Furthermore, certain forms of customary sanctions may conflict with human rights principles when they do not meet proportionality and the protection of human dignity. This study finds that legal harmonization is necessary through the clarification of case limitations, strengthening supervision of customary sanctions, and integrating a restorative justice approach to ensure legal certainty while safeguarding human rights]]>
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