<![CDATA[Rapid advances in digital technology are driving a fundamental transformation in learning assessment practices across various levels of education. This study aims to comprehensively and evidence-based map the trends, forms, challenges, and opportunities in the implementation of technology-based assessment. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) reporting framework. The search was conducted exclusively in the Web of Science database using a combination of nine search strings related to digital assessment, limited to the period 2016–2026. Of the 209 articles identified, 24 final articles were selected through a multi-stage screening process based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review results revealed seven main themes: (1) digital competency assessment, (2) technology-based formative assessment, (3) electronic summative assessment, (4) authentic digital assessment, (5) teacher readiness and adaptation, (6) institutional policy transformation, and (7) digital inclusion. Digital assessment has been shown to improve efficiency, flexibility, and the quality of feedback. However, a number of significant challenges remain, including the digital divide, the complexity of academic integrity in the AI era, and variations in educator readiness. This study concludes that the success of assessment transformation requires a holistic framework that synergistically integrates pedagogical, technical, ethical, and policy dimensions, accompanied by sustained investment in teacher capacity building and inclusive digital infrastructure. ABSTRAKPerkembangan teknologi digital yang pesat mendorong transformasi fundamental dalam praktik penilaian pembelajaran di berbagai jenjang pendidikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan memetakan tren perkembangan, bentuk, tantangan, dan peluang implementasi asesmen berbasis teknologi (technology-based assessment) secara komprehensif dan berbasis bukti. Metode yang digunakan adalah Systematic Literature Review (SLR) dengan kerangka pelaporan PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Pencarian dilakukan secara eksklusif pada database Web of Science menggunakan kombinasi sembilan string pencarian terkait asesmen digital, dibatasi pada periode 2016–2026. Dari 209 artikel teridentifikasi, sebanyak 24 artikel final dipilih melalui proses seleksi berlapis berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang ketat. Hasil kajian mengungkap tujuh tema utama: (1) penilaian kompetensi digital, (2) penilaian formatif berbasis teknologi, (3) penilaian sumatif elektronik, (4) penilaian otentik digital, (5) kesiapan dan adaptasi guru, (6) transformasi kebijakan institusional, dan (7) inklusi digital. Asesmen digital terbukti meningkatkan efisiensi, fleksibilitas, dan kualitas umpan balik. Namun, sejumlah tantangan signifikan tetap ada, meliputi kesenjangan digital, kompleksitas integritas akademik di era AI, dan variabilitas kesiapan tenaga pendidik. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa keberhasilan transformasi penilaian memerlukan kerangka kerja holistik yang mengintegrasikan dimensi pedagogis, teknis, etis, dan kebijakan secara sinergis, disertai investasi berkelanjutan dalam pengembangan kapasitas guru dan infrastruktur digital yang inklusif.]]>
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