Population, distribution, and habitat of Bornean Elephant in Tulin Onsoi, Nunukan District, Indonesia based on dung counts

WISHNU SUKMANTORO (Indonesia Elephant Foundation (Perkumpulan Gajah Indonesia). Jl. Kreta Kencana A5 No. 32, Sektor 12-BSD, South Tangerang 15310, Banten, Indonesia)
Agus Suyitno (WWF Indonesia-Kayan Landscape Program. Jl. Mangga, Tanjung Selor, Bulungan 77212, North Kalimantan, Indonesia)
Mulyadi Mulyadi (WWF Indonesia-Kayan Landscape Program. Jl. Mangga, Tanjung Selor, Bulungan 77212, North Kalimantan, Indonesia)
DONI GUNARYADI (Indonesia Elephant Foundation (Perkumpulan Gajah Indonesia). Jl. Kreta Kencana A5 No. 32, Sektor 12-BSD, South Tangerang 15310, Banten, Indonesia)
AGANTO SENO (BKSDA East Kalimantan. Jl. Teuku Umar No. 17, Karanganyar, Samarinda 75243, East Kalimantan, Indonesia)
ALFRED INDRA KUSUMA (Perkumpulan Lintas Hijau. Jl. Jend. Sudirman, Selisun, Nunukan Selatan, Nunukan 77482, North Kalimantan, Indonesia)
DARWIS DARWIS (Perkumpulan Lintas Hijau. Jl. Jend. Sudirman, Selisun, Nunukan Selatan, Nunukan 77482, North Kalimantan, Indonesia)

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Vol. 22 No. 1 (2021)

Abstract. Sukmantoro W, Suyitno A, Mulyadi, Gunaryadi D, Seno A, Kusuma AI, Darwis. 2021. Population, distribution, and habitat of Bornean Elephant in Tulin Onsoi, Nunukan District, Indonesia based on dung counts. Biodiversitas 22: 311-319. The survey on population, distribution, and habitat of Bornean elephants is very important because it reduces the information gap about Bornean elephants’ population and distribution. In more detail, the study can be used for updating information and the needs of local government in a spatial plan based on biodiversity conservation. The survey of Bornean Elephant was conducted in Tulin Onsoi Subdistrict, Nunukan District, North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, starting in February 2018 to May 2019. The survey area’s scopes are Agison, Sibuda, Apaan, and Tampilon sub-water catchment areas in 34 (5 x 5 km2) grids with a total of 850 km2.  The occupancy method with perpendicular line transect was used in this study. In the survey, the number of traces was 52 finding points with a total of 241 traces. The elephant dung identified in the dung piles (one-time defecation) was in 29 finding points with a total of 38 dung piles (0.22 dung piles per km). Based on Distance 6.0 and involved the formula of the elephant population’s density with standard defecation and dung decay ratio, the elephant population density in the Tulin Onsoi is between 4.8-5.7 individuals/100 km2. Minimum convex polygon (MCP)-qHull showed that the area of ??the elephant habitat is 253.12 km2 in Tulin Onsoi sub-district. Generally, the habitat conditions for the location are old secondary forests (37 %). Meanwhile, other habitats included in the survey area are primary forest, shrubs, and plantations, including community agriculture and roads. In the strategy of managing the Bornean elephant, efforts to stabilize or increase population are important things to do. Conservation-based spatial planning and close monitoring for the protection of small populations of this species and its threats, are options that can be selected for present and future in North Kalimantan.