Paradigms and Philosophical Foundations of Islamic Religious Education Research: A Literature Review of Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches

Anisa Siti Nurhaliza (Program Studi Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah STAI Kharisma Sukabumi Indonesia)
Farid Abdul Majid (Pendidikan Agama Islam UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung)
Maryam Dwi Lestari (Pendidikan Agama Islam UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung)
Sinta Niasti (Pendidikan Agama Islam UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung)
Ayu Aprianti (Pendidikan Agama Islam UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung)
Bayu Bambang Nur Fauzi (Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung)

Madrasah Al-Wathoniyah: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Vol. 2 No. 2 (2026)

This study aims to analyze the paradigms and philosophical foundations of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) research and their relationship with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches. This research employed a literature review method by examining books, scientific journals, and relevant academic sources. The findings indicate that positivism is closely related to quantitative research, while post-positivism and constructivism provide the philosophical basis for qualitative research. Mixed methods integrate the strengths of both approaches to produce a more comprehensive understanding of research problems. The study concludes that understanding research paradigms is essential for determining appropriate methods and producing valid and relevant PAI research.