Otolith morphometrics for growth and conservation assessment of endangered Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) in Sabah, Malaysia

EKO HENDRI GUNAWAN (Marine and Fisheries Quality Assurance Agency Cirebon, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. Jl. Cideng Indah No. 236A, Cirebon 45153, West Java, Indonesia)
CHING FUI FUI (Higher Institution Center of Excellence Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Jl. UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia)
AUDREY DANING TUZAN (Higher Institution Center of Excellence Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Jl. UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia)
NAZIA ABDUL KADAR (Higher Institution Center of Excellence Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Jl. UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia)
FITTRIE MEYLLIANAWATY PRATIWY (Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km. 21, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia)
IBNU DWI BUWONO (Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km. 21, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia)
SHIGEHARU SENOO (Aquaculture Technology and Production Center, Kindai University. Shirahama, Wakayama, 649-2211, Japan)

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Vol. 26 No. 11 (2025)

Abstract. Gunawan EH, Fui CF, Tuzan AD, Kadar NA, Pratiwy FM, Buwono ID,  Senoo S. 2025. Otolith morphometrics for growth and conservation assessment of endangered Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) in Sabah, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 26: 5770-5779. The endangered Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) plays a vital role as a carnivorous fish in coral reef ecosystems. However, it faces severe threats from overfishing and habitat degradation, necessitating evidence-based conservation strategies. This study assessed growth pattern, biological condition, and size structure by integrating fish morphometric and otolith metrics from 41 specimens collected in Eastern Sabah, Malaysia. Fish total length from 27.51 to 103.88 cm (mean SD = 35.28±11.72 cm) and body weight from 330.24 to 19400.85 g (mean SD = 757.32±2934.41 g). Linear regression revealed a near-isometric length-weight relationship (b = 3.062, 95% CI [2.904, 3.219], r² = 0.975, p<0.001), indicating proportional growth with robust model fit. Fulton's condition factor (K) was stable across size classes (range: 1.319-2.089, mean ± SD: 1.695±0.189), showing no significant differences (ANOVA, p>0.05) and suggesting consistent physiological health amid environmental pressures. Size distribution was skewed toward juveniles and intermediates (<40 cm, 78% of samples), highlighting potential recruitment overexploitation. Otolith metrics demonstrated strong predictive power, with otolith weight correlating highly with fish length (r² = 0.784, p<0.001) and weight (r² = 0.766, p<0.001), validated through cross-validation (CV-MSE comparable to in-sample MSE) and residual diagnostics confirming normality, homoscedasticity, and independence. These findings highlight the vulnerability of C. undulatus populations in Eastern Sabah, which juvenile exploitation may undermine recovery potential. Otolith-based metrics provide cost-effective, essential baseline data for stock assessments, enabling precise monitoring of growth and demographics. For future conservation management, this supports implementation of minimum size limits, enhanced marine protected areas, and community-led surveillance, fostering sustainable recovery of this iconic species and reef biodiversity.