<![CDATA[Coffee production plays a crucial role in the agricultural economy; however, its productivity is significantly affected by plant diseases that are difficult to detect at early stages. Accurate disease identification remains challenging due to subtle visual differences and high intra-class variability in leaf symptoms. To address this problem, this study proposes a hybrid deep learning framework that integrates Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Data-efficient Image Transformers (DeiT) for automated coffee leaf disease classification. The proposed architecture leverages CNN to capture fine-grained local features, while DeiT models global contextual relationships through self-attention mechanisms, enabling a more comprehensive feature representation. The model is trained and evaluated on a dataset of 6,048 labeled images across four classes: Healthy, Rust, Red Spider, and Leaf Miner. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CNN–DeiT model outperforms baseline CNN and Transformer-based approaches, achieving an accuracy of 93.1%, an F1-score of 92.3%, and a ROC-AUC of 95.6%. Robustness analysis shows that performance degradation remains limited (1.6%–3.4%) under various perturbation conditions, while out-of-distribution evaluation indicates strong generalization capability with only a minor accuracy decrease. These findings confirm that the hybrid CNN–Transformer architecture effectively enhances classification performance, robustness, and generalization. This study contributes to the advancement of deep learning methodologies in agricultural image analysis by providing a robust and scalable framework for plant disease classification, with potential applications in precision agriculture and data-driven crop management.]]>
Copyrights © 2026
