Pain as a Mental State: A Narrative Review of the Multidimensional Aspects of Pain

Riyanto Sofyan, Henry
Hasan, Sandy

Acta Neurologica Indonesia
Vol. 3 No. 04 (2025): Acta Neurologica Indonesia

Introduction: Pain is a complex subjective experience that involves not only sensory-discriminative but also affective-motivational, cognitive-evaluative, behavioral and social dimensions. Contemporary perspectives on pain have shifted from simplistic linear models toward a conceptualization of pain as a multidimensional mental state generated by the brain. This narrative review aims to summarize the perspectives of pain within multidimensional aspects by understanding pain as an evolving framework associated with mental health, validated by assessment instruments, and its clinical implications. Material and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted via PubMed and ScienceDirect with keyword related to pain, chronic pain, acute pain, mental status, psychological state, mental health, multidimensional, biopsychosocial model, cognitive, affective, and sensory. A total of fifteen literatures were reviewed and analyzed. Discussion: The literature indicates that pain is a brain-generated phenomenon integrating sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational, cognitive-evaluative, behavioral, and social dimensions. Strong associations were identified between chronic pain and depression, anxiety, and the mental state of pain patients. Validated multidimensional pain assessment instruments are available for adult and pediatric populations as well as for specific clinical conditions; however, gaps remain in cross-cultural validation and in assessments tailored to older adult populations. Conclusion: Pain should be understood as a multidimensional mental state that requires comprehensive assessment and integrated intervention strategies. A biopsychosocial approach combining pharmacological management, psychological interventions, and functional rehabilitation represents best practice in chronic pain management. Future research should strengthen cross-population validation, integrate neurobiological measures with longitudinal psychosocial data, and develop mechanism-based personalized models of pain management.