<![CDATA[Although Canarium indicum is widely planted as a shade and heritage tree in Bogor City, information regarding its health condition and damage characteristics in urban environments remains limited. Assessing tree health is essential for supporting sustainable urban forest management and maintaining the ecological functions of urban green spaces. This study aimed to evaluate the health condition of Canarium indicum L. growing in urban green spaces in Bogor City, Indonesia. Tree health was evaluated using a modified Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) approach by measuring diameter at breast height (DBH), basal area, damage location, damage type, and damage severity. Tree health status was quantified using the Damage Index (DI), Tree Level Index (TLI), and Plot Level Index (PLI). The results showed that most trees were classified as lightly damaged, accounting for 66.67%, 85.72%, and 84.62% of assessed trees in Ahmad Yani Urban Forest, Ahmad Yani Street, and Sudirman Street, respectively. PLI values ranged from 8.35 to 9.60 among study sites. Damage was primarily concentrated in the lower stem (22.22%), upper stem (18.52%), and root–stem transition zone (15.56%). These findings indicate that the observed defects were mainly associated with structural components and biological agents commonly found in mature urban trees. Despite the presence of various defects, the overall health condition of C. indicum trees remained generally favourable. The study demonstrates that the FHM approach provides useful information for evaluating urban tree health and can support monitoring and preventive management strategies to maintain the ecological and environmental functions of urban trees in Bogor City.]]>
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