Journal of Tourism Economics and Policy
Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Journal of Tourism Economics and Policy (April – June 2026)

The Effects of Education, Minimum Wages, and Life Expectancy On Female Labor Force Participation Rates Across Regencies/Municipalities In Bali Province, 2018-2025

Anggi Dwi Lestari (Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia)
Mohammad Wasil (Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia)



Article Info

Publish Date
21 Jul 2026

Abstract

This study examines the effects of education, minimum wages, and life expectancy on the female labor force participation rate (FLFPR) across the regencies and municipality of Bali Province during 2018-2025. The study uses secondary panel data covering nine regencies/municipalities and 72 observations. Panel data regression was employed using the Fixed Effects Model (FEM), selected through the Chow and Hausman tests. The findings indicate that education, minimum wages, and life expectancy jointly have a significant effect on the female LFPR, with a coefficient of determination of 71.46%. Partially, education has a positive and significant effect on the female LFPR, whereby each one-year increase in mean years of schooling increases the female LFPR by 522.93%. Minimum wages have a negative and significant effect, whereby each IDR 1,000 increase in the regency/municipal minimum wage reduces the female LFPR by 0.0005588%. Life expectancy has a positive but statistically insignificant effect on the female LFPR. These findings are consistent with Human Capital Theory, which posits that investment in education enhances productivity and labor market participation. The study recommends that local governments expand women's access to education and formulate minimum-wage policies that support female-intensive sectors to promote women's labor force participation in Bali Province.

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Journal Info

Abbrev

jtep

Publisher

Subject

Economics, Econometrics & Finance Public Health Social Sciences

Description

The Journal of Tourism Economics and Policy is published biannually and published in March and November. JTEP also uses the LOCKSS system to ensure a secure and permanent archive for the journal. Concerned with the complex interactions between development and the environment, its purpose is to seek ...