Indonesian Beck Depression Inventory Adaptation and Validation Among Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Dian Sari (Faculty of Nursing and Public Health, Prima Nusantara Bukittinggi University, Jln Kusuma Bhakti No 99, Bukittinggi, West Sumatera , Indonesia 26122)
Dian Fitria (RS Husada School of Health Sciences, Jln. Mangga Besar No 137-139, Jakarta, Indonesia,10730)
Irna Kartina (National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, No. 365, Mingde Rd, Zhenhua Village, Beitou District, Taipei City, 112 Taiwan. Universitas Kusuma Husada Surakarta, Jln Jayawijaya No 11, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia, 57136.)
Retno Lestari (Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Puncak Dieng, Kunci, Kalisongo, Kec. Dau, Malang, East Java, Indonesia, 65151)
Andi Buanasari (Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Jl. Kampus UNSRAT, Bahu, Kec. Malalayang, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, 95115)
Indah Putri Ramadhanti (Faculty of Midwifery, Prima Nusantara Bukittinggi University, Jln. Kusuma Bhakti No 99, Bukittinggi, West Sumatera , Indonesia 26122)
Siti Mutia Kosassy (Faculty of Nursing and Public Health, Prima Nusantara Bukittinggi University, Jln Kusuma Bhakti No 99, Bukittinggi, West Sumatera , Indonesia 26122)

Jurnal Persatuan Perawat Nasional Indonesia (JPPNI)
Vol 11, No 2 (2026)

BackgroundThe Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is widely used to assess depressive symptoms; however, its validity among Indonesian nursing students has not been established.ObjectiveThe objective of this study to translate the BDI into Bahasa Indonesia and evaluate its psychometric properties among Indonesian nursing students.MethodsThe study followed the framework of adaptation and validation of instrument scale by Sousa and Rojjanasrirat. A total of 709 nursing students in Indonesia were participated with eligible criteria: actively enrolled; no history of mental health disorder and not currently on routine medication prescribed by a psychiatrist. Validity testing included exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA), concurrent validity, and assessment of ceiling and floor effects. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha.ResultsEighteen items were retained. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.914). EFA supported a three-factor structure: Negative Attitude, Somatic Symptoms, and Impaired Performance with factor loadings  0.376 to 0.684 (KMO= 0.946; Bartlett’s test p < 0.001). CFA demonstrated acceptable model fit. Ceiling and floor effects were minimum (7.7% amd 0.01%, respectively). Concurrent validity showed a strong correlation with the DASS-21 with depression subscale (r = 0.72, p < 0.001).ConclusionThe 18-item Indonesian BDI is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing depression severity among Indonesian nursing students and can be recommended for assessing depression among nursing students.KeywordsDepression, mental health, nursing student, reliability, validity