Emerging therapeutic strategies for precision reproductive management of repeat breeder cattle

Mohamad Agus Setiadi (Division of Reproduction and Obstetrics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia)
Prawira Eka Wardana (Undergraduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia)
Wahono Esthi Prasetyaningtiyas (Division of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia)

ARSHI Veterinary Letters
Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026): ARSHI Veterinary Letters - May 2026

Repeat breeding in cattle is failure to establish pregnancy after three or more services or artificial inseminations despite cycling and no abnormalities. This causes losses from reduced conception, repeated insemination, prolonged calving interval, maintenance costs, and calf production. This review evaluates mechanisms and management, emphasizing fertilization failure, embryonic death, and uterine function. Evidence shows that it is multifactorial, involving poor oocyte competence, mistimed insemination, endocrine dysfunction, heat stress, sperm transport failure, subclinical endometritis, impaired embryo–maternal communication, endometrial gene expression, and inadequate receptivity. Management requires precise strategies tailored to the pathway.