<![CDATA[ Background: Evidence regarding the association between coffee consumption and periodontal outcomes remains inconsistent, with limited community-based data from low-resource settings. Given the widespread consumption of coffee, clarifying its potential contribution to gingival inflammation is clinically relevant. Objective: This study examined the association between coffee consumption patterns (frequency and duration) and gingival index status among community residents in M Village. Methods: A descriptive correlational with cross-sectional analytical approach was conducted among 312 respondents selected using convenience sampling. Data were obtained using a structured coffee consumption questionnaire and Gingival Index assessment. Associations were tested using Chi-square analysis with α = 0.05. Results: Moderate coffee consumption was dominant (54.2%), with prolonged intake (>20 years) observed in 41.3% of participants. Most respondents presented normal to mild gingival conditions (94.9%). Statistical testing demonstrated a significant association between both frequency and duration of coffee consumption and gingival status (p < 0.001). Notably, higher coffee exposure patterns were proportionally aligned with increased gingival inflammation severity. Conclusion: The findings suggest that prolonged and frequent coffee consumption is significantly associated with adverse gingival outcomes, although causal inference remains limited due to study design and uncontrolled confounding. Integrating oral health risk education into primary care services may be warranted. ]]>
Copyrights © 2026
