<![CDATA[The loading and unloading of vehicles on Ro-Ro passenger ships play a crucial role in ensuring the efficiency of maritime transportation services. Nevertheless, the implementation of these activities is still not fully optimal due to various operational challenges. This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through direct observation, interviews, and documentation carried out during onboard practical training. The loading and unloading operations are affected by both internal and external factors. Internally, damage to the ramp door wire reduces the effectiveness of ramp door operations. Externally, the most significant obstacles are overloaded vehicles that exceed the permitted limits and fail to comply with regulations, as well as ramp door inclination angles that do not conform to operational standards. The findings indicate that overloaded vehicles are the primary factor disrupting the smooth execution of loading and unloading activities on Ro-Ro passenger vessels. Therefore, stricter vehicle inspections and regular maintenance of ship equipment are necessary to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of operational activities.]]>
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