Journal of Renewable Energy and Smart Device
Vol. 4 No. 1 August 2026

Development of a Microwave-Driven In-Liquid Plasma Reactor for Nickel Mobilization from Saprolite: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Pria Gautama (Politeknik Negeri Ujung Pandang, Indonesia)
Shinfuku Nomura (Ehime University)
Vilia Darma Paramita (Politeknik Negeri Ujung Pandang)
Nurfiansyah Nurfiansyah (Politeknik Negeri Ujung Pandang)
A. Ariputra (Politeknik Negeri Ujung Pandang)
Arfandy Arfandy (Politeknik Negeri Ujung Pandang)
Muh. Firdan Nurdin (Universitas Borneo Tarakan)



Article Info

Publish Date
20 Aug 2026

Abstract

This proof-of-concept study evaluates nickel mobilization from saprolite using a water-only, 60 s treatment and a low-cost domestic-grade microwave platform. A domestic 2.45 GHz microwave oven was modified to generate in-liquid plasma at 450 W in 150 mL distilled water (aquadest). Saprolite (<30 mesh, 10 g) was treated for 60 s, reaching a measured liquid temperature of 56 °C. The aqueous extract was analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and the recovered solid was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). AAS detected 20.789 mg/L Ni in the plasma-treated extract. XRF showed that the normalized NiO mass fraction decreased from 1.6569 mass% in untreated saprolite to 1.4397 mass% after treatment, equivalent to a 13.1% relative compositional decrease; this value is not an extraction-efficiency figure. Fe₂O₃ remained nearly unchanged. The liquid- and solid-phase observations are consistent in direction and support nickel mobilization under the tested conditions. However, their implied magnitudes differ, and the absence of dry residue mass and complete liquid-recovery data prevents mass-balance closure and calculation of extraction efficiency.

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Journal Info

Abbrev

JORESD

Publisher

Subject

Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering

Description

Computer Engineering Computer Architecture, Parallel and Distributed Computer, Pervasive Computing, Computer Network, Embedded System, Human—Computer Interaction, Virtual/Augmented Reality, Computer Security, VLSI Design-Network Traffic Modeling, Performance Modeling, Dependable Computing, High ...