<![CDATA[This study stems from gaps and inconsistencies in the legal framework governing liability in light of the development of autonomous vehicles at Automation Levels 4 and 5. At these levels, the role of the human driver in operating the vehicle has been significantly reduced or even entirely replaced by artificial intelligence systems. Meanwhile, Indonesia’s positive legal system specifically Law No. 22 of 2009 on Road Traffic and Transportation remains oriented toward humans as the primary subjects responsible for vehicle operation. This situation raises issues regarding the determination of which party should be held liable in the event of an accident. The application of the principle of fault-based liability also faces obstacles because victims must prove the existence of fault or negligence within a complex algorithmic system. This study employs a normative legal methodology, utilizing both a statutory and a conceptual approach, to analyze the limitations of fault-based liability and the urgency of adopting the principle of strict liability. The findings of this study are expected to provide a foundation for developing a liability system that ensures legal certainty and protection for victims.]]>
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