LC-HRMS Metabolite Profiling, Antioxidant, and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Averrhoa bilimbi L. Fruit Extracts by Maceration and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction

Lilik Sulastri (Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Pakuan University, Bogor, 16143, West Java)
Siti Nurul Habibah (Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Pakuan University, Bogor, 16143, West Java)
Ema Hermawati (Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Pakuan University, Bogor, 16143, West Java)
Rikkit Rikkit (Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Pakuan University, Bogor, 16143, West Java)

Indonesian Journal of Jamu
Vol. 11 No. 4 (2026): Jurnal Jamu Indonesia

Bilimbi fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) contains bioactive compounds with antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. This study compared 70% ethanolic extracts prepared by maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) in terms of yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), DPPH radical-scavenging activity, α-glucosidase inhibition, and LC-HRMS metabolite profiles. Maceration produced a higher yield than UAE (16.23% vs. 11.16%), whereas TPC and TFC were comparable. UAE showed lower DPPH IC₅₀ (37.06 ± 0.27 vs. 51.59 ± 0.21 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase IC₅₀ (23.94 vs. 33.45 µg/mL) than maceration. LC-HRMS yielded 24 tentative or probable metabolite annotations, of which seven were selected for focused interpretation. Because each extraction method was performed once and analytical measurements were technical replicates, between-method differences are descriptive. LC-HRMS findings were qualitative and do not establish quantitative enrichment or compound-specific causality.