<![CDATA[This study examines the condition of Islamic civilization during the transition to the modern period, particularly in relation to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, and analyzes the expansion and consequences of Western colonialism in Muslim societies. It employs a qualitative approach based on library research, drawing on relevant books and scholarly journal articles as primary sources of analysis. The study applies the historical method through the stages of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography to examine historical developments and their broader implications. The findings indicate that the intellectual and scientific legacy of Islamic civilization contributed to the development of European knowledge, while Muslim societies subsequently experienced political fragmentation and increasing vulnerability to European expansion. Western colonialism was driven by interconnected economic, political, strategic, and religious interests rather than by a single set of motives, and its expansion significantly transformed the political and socioeconomic structures of Muslim societies in the Middle East, India, and Indonesia. These historical pressures also provided an important context for the emergence of Islamic reformist thought aimed at responding to internal decline and external domination. The study concludes that the transformation of Islamic civilization in the modern period resulted from complex interactions between internal dynamics and European colonial expansion, which subsequently created the historical conditions for various responses and ideas of Islamic renewal.]]>
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