<![CDATA[Forest and land fires (karhutla) remain a recurring environmental problem in Indonesia, causing extensive ecological, health, economic, and social impacts. This paper aims to analyze recurring forest and land fires as issues of environmental governance and law enforcement rather than merely seasonal natural disasters. The study employs a normative-conceptual approach by examining laws and regulations, government policies, and academic perspectives on environmental management and environmental law enforcement. The analysis indicates that the persistence of forest and land fires is closely related to weak land-use supervision, overlapping licensing systems, inadequate inter-agency coordination, and suboptimal law enforcement against perpetrators of forest and land burning. Although Indonesia possesses a relatively comprehensive legal framework, its implementation continues to face structural, administrative, and political challenges. Therefore, strengthening environmental governance through licensing transparency, area-based supervision, community participation, and consistent and equitable law enforcement is essential to prevent the recurrence of forest and land fires in the future.]]>
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