<![CDATA[The decline in the number of commuters in Indonesia over the past ten years indicates a shift in labor mobility behavior. This study analyzes the influence of education, minimum wages, economic growth, and unemployment rates on commuting dynamics using a quantitative descriptive approach based on 2015–2024 BPS data. The results show that increases in education and wages have not yet encouraged commuting due to inequality in employment opportunities and high transportation costs. Economic growth has the potential to increase commuting, but is hampered by poor intermodal transportation connectivity. Meanwhile, the post-pandemic decline in unemployment has not increased commuting intensity due to the increasing preference for hybrid and remote work. These findings confirm that commuter mobility in Indonesia is influenced not only by financial incentives, but also by the efficiency of physical mobility and changes in the labor market structure.]]>
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