<![CDATA[Supply chain collaboration is increasingly important for food manufacturing SMEs facing fluctuating demand, volatile prices, and frequent supply disruptions. This study explores how food manufacturing SMEs in Malang, Indonesia, collaborate with suppliers and distributors, identifies factors facilitating and hindering collaboration, and examines mechanisms sustaining long-term collaborative relationships. A qualitative multiple case study design was used between June and August 2024. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with thirteen purposively selected informants, including SME owners, managers, purchasing and logistics officers, suppliers, and distributors. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis, involving coding, category development, within-case analysis, and cross-case comparison. Credibility was strengthened through triangulation and member checking. Findings show collaboration is characterized by regular communication, information sharing, production planning, and supplier flexibility. Trust emerged as the main governance mechanism supporting flexible payments, supplier prioritization, and reciprocal problem-solving. Information on demand, inventory, and delivery schedules was mainly exchanged via WhatsApp and shared spreadsheets. Although collaboration improved coordination, SMEs still faced challenges from price volatility, demand uncertainty, and supplier capacity constraints. Digital tools enhanced collaboration only when embedded in trust-based relationships with timely information sharing. Long-term relationships were sustained through payment reliability, consistent quality, and mutual support. The study concludes that collaboration among Indonesian food manufacturing SMEs is predominantly relationship-based rather than contract-driven, with relational governance and digital tools strengthening resilience under uncertainty.]]>
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