<![CDATA[This article addresses the development of a comprehensive methodology for optimizing the spatial placement of civil defense protective structures, improving the efficiency of their utilization, and assessing the level of population protection from emergencies through the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies. The proposed methodology integrates spatial data on population density and distribution, existing protective structures and their capacities, accessibility and evacuation routes, potentially hazardous facilities, infrastructure networks, and emergency risk zones within a unified geospatial environment. GIS-based spatial analysis, network analysis, multi-criteria assessment, and spatial optimization methods are proposed to identify areas with insufficient protective coverage and determine priority locations for new or additional protective structures. Particular attention is given to assessing the accessibility, capacity, technical condition, and operational readiness of existing facilities, as well as their correspondence with the spatial distribution of the population. A comprehensive population protection index is proposed to quantitatively evaluate the level of civil defense coverage across different territorial units. The developed methodological approach can support evidence-based decision-making in civil defense planning, urban development, emergency preparedness, and the modernization of protective infrastructure, ultimately contributing to increased population safety and territorial resilience during emergencies.]]>
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