<![CDATA[Literary analysis has evolved from traditional text-centered criticism to interdisciplinary approaches incorporating linguistics, cognitive science, cultural studies, and discourse analysis. Contemporary analytical frameworks allow researchers to investigate literary texts from multiple perspectives, revealing how language constructs ideology, identity, and social reality. This article examines the principal analytical frameworks employed in literary studies and demonstrates their application to Elizabeth Gaskell's North and South (1855) and Charles Dickens's Hard Times (1854). Drawing upon cognitive poetics, linguocultural analysis, stylistics, discourse analysis, conceptual metaphor theory, and narratology, the paper illustrates how Victorian realist fiction reflects industrialization, class conflict, gender relations, and regional identity through linguistic choices. The study argues that combining multiple analytical frameworks produces a more comprehensive understanding of realist literature than relying upon a single methodological approach. The findings contribute to linguocultural literary studies by demonstrating that Victorian novels encode complex cultural concepts through lexical, stylistic, and cognitive structures.]]>
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