<![CDATA[Rapid urbanization and rising private vehicle ownership have intensified congestion and accessibility challenges in Indonesian cities, making sustainable urban transportation a strategic priority. This study examines the implementation of sustainable urban transportation policies in Surabaya, Semarang, and Bandung, identifying governance, institutional, and operational factors that facilitate or constrain successful implementation. A qualitative multiple-case study design was employed, using a dataset of semi-structured interviews with twelve stakeholders—municipal officials, transport operators, users, and experts—comprising 120 question-answer units across ten implementation themes. Data were analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding, thematic analysis, and cross-case comparison. Findings show all three municipalities share commitment to reduced private vehicle dependence, integrated public transportation, and equitable accessibility, though implementation effectiveness varies with institutional capacity, financing, technological readiness, and stakeholder collaboration. Institutional coordination was the most influential success determinant, as fragmented authority and inconsistent budgeting often delayed execution. First-mile and last-mile connectivity significantly shaped accessibility and public acceptance. Digital technologies improved operational efficiency but required stronger data governance. Continuous monitoring supported organizational learning by shifting evaluation toward outcomes like ridership, emission reduction, and user satisfaction. The study concludes that sustainable urban transportation is primarily a governance challenge, requiring interaction among policy vision, institutional coordination, service integration, technological capability, and stakeholder engagement, offering practical guidance for developing countries.]]>
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