<![CDATA[The rapid advancement of digital technologies has transformed music production by reducing dependence on conventional recording studios and expanding opportunities for independent creators. This study comparatively examines conventional studios, home studios, and mobile production systems within the Indonesian context, focusing on technological infrastructure, economic investment, workflow, production quality, distribution, and monetization. A structured comparative review was conducted using peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, government publications, industry reports, and technical literature. The findings indicate that conventional studios remain superior in acoustic control, specialized expertise, multichannel recording, and professional production quality. Home studios have become increasingly dominant among independent musicians due to their affordability, flexibility, creative autonomy, and integration with digital distribution. Mobile production further enhances accessibility, portability, collaboration, and content publication, although technical limitations remain. Digital technologies have democratized music production while shifting greater creative, technical, administrative, and promotional responsibilities to independent creators. Indonesian music production is also increasingly integrated with streaming services, metadata management, online collaboration, and platform-based distribution. However, technological accessibility does not guarantee production quality or commercial success, which depend on competence, infrastructure, education, networks, and platform governance. The study concludes that Indonesia has developed a hybrid production ecosystem in which the three models function as complementary systems and provides a framework for future research, policy, and industry planning.]]>
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