SDGs Trade-off on Online Transportation: A Systematic Review of the Environmental, Social, and Economic Impacts of Ride-Hailing and Mobility as a Service (MaaS)

Yuwono Dwisilo Sucipto (Institute of Transportation and Logistics Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia.)
Idris Gautama So (Universitas Bina Nusantara, Jakarta, Indonesia.)
Aang Gunawan (Institute of Transportation and Logistics Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia.)
Devi Marlita (Institute of Transportation and Logistics Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia.)

Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences
Vol. 4 No. 3 (2026): (GIJLSS) Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences (July - Au

The rapid development of information technology has given birth to the phenomenon of ride-hailing and Mobility as a Service (MaaS) which promises the efficiency of urban mobility. However, the contribution of these services to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is still a debate due to the trade-off phenomenon between the pillars of sustainability. This study used the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method on 572 articles sourced from the Scopus database. The results of the analysis show that although economically these services increase revenues (SDG 8), there is a significant negative impact on the environmental pillar (SDG 13) due to the shift from public transportation and the deadheading phenomenon. In addition, there is a tug-of-war between social and economic pillars which is reflected in the working conditions of gig economy drivers. The discussion highlighted the need for integrated regulations to minimize conflicts of interest between the pillars of the SDGs, including MaaS integration, electric vehicle adoption, and workforce protection.