<![CDATA[This conceptual review examines how Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) can strengthen blended learning in mathematics teacher education. It synthesises 30 peer-reviewed and policy sources through a structured narrative review guided by four questions concerning pedagogical orchestration, culturally grounded mathematical meaning-making, student engagement and enabling conditions. The review finds that effective blended learning depends on purposeful connections between online and face-to-face activity; IKS contributes when community practices generate mathematically rigorous inquiry rather than decorative examples; engagement is behavioural, emotional, cognitive and agentic; and learning benefits remain conditional on equitable access, lecturer capability, multilingual participation and ethical knowledge governance. Drawing on social constructivism, culturally responsive pedagogy, ethnomathematics and the Community of Inquiry, the article proposes an integrated framework linking theoretical foundations, pedagogical design, engagement processes and learning outcomes. The framework indicates that culturally grounded hybrid pedagogy can strengthen mathematical reasoning, learner voice, belonging, and transferable problem-solving skills. Its principal limitation is conceptual status; multi-institutional empirical testing is required before claims of effectiveness or achievement can be established.]]>
Copyrights © 2026
