<![CDATA[The rapid development of globalization and modern challenges in science and technology demand that Islamic education establish a robust epistemological foundation for scientific thinking, yet the application of critical philosophical approaches within religious learning remains contested. This article aims to analyze the integration of critical thinking, rationality, and Immanuel Kant’s philosophical criticism as an epistemological framework within Islamic religious education. Utilizing a qualitative library research method, this study examines relevant academic literature to explore how these philosophical concepts can be adapted into the Islamic educational context. The findings indicate that Kant’s criticism, which offers a synthesis between rationalism and empiricism, provides a systematic and objective basis for modern scientific paradigms. However, PAI application faces challenges reconciling reason with revelation and perceptions of secularism, while offering opportunities for rationality and digital literacy. Proportional application can enrich PAI while preserving Islamic values.]]>
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