Effect of propolis extract and bovine graft on bone morphogenetic proteins-2 and osterix expression in dental socket healing

Utari Kresnoadi (Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya)
Imam Safari Azhar (Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya)
Cindy Ramadhan Putri (Resident of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya)
Aishley Yutassa (Undergraduate student, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya)
Ratri Maya Sitalaksmi (Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya)
Jennifer Widjaja (School of Dental Medicine, Universitas Ciputra, Surabaya)

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi)
Vol. 59 No. 3 (2026): September

Background: Socket preservation is essential, as the alveolar bone provides structural support for prosthetic rehabilitation. Flavonoids and caffeic acid phenethyl ester in propolis exert immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to reduced inflammation in the extraction socket. When combined with a bovine bone graft, propolis may synergistically enhance alveolar bone regeneration and accelerate the healing process. Purpose: This study was undertaken with the aim to examine the potential for the mixture of propolis and bovine-derived xenograft to elevate bone morphogenetic proteins-2 (BMP-2) and osterix (OSX) expression during the preservation of tooth extraction sockets in 56 Cavia cobaya. Methods: The research utilized a laboratory experimental methodology incorporating true experimental design. The research population was divided into eight groups that were administered polyethylene glycol, bovine bone graft, propolis extract, or a mixture of propolis and bovine-derived xenograft. An extraction socket was created in the 56 Cavia cobaya whose lower left incisors were removed before applying polyethylene glycol, bovine bone graft, propolis extract, and a mixture of propolis and bovine bone graft to the resulting cavities, according to the group. The sample was examined by means of BMP-2 and OSX expression from immunohistochemistry staining on days 7 and 30 post-extraction. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) tests were used to analyze the data. Results: Differences existed between the eight research groups. The highest expression of BMP-2 and OSX was detected in the bovine bone graft and propolis extract combination group. A statistically different BMP-2 expression was found between the control and propolis groups and control and combination groups on day 7 and day 30. For OSX, the combination group was statistically significant compared with the control group (p = 0.000), propolis (p = 0.003 on day 7 and p = 0.01 on day 30), and bovine bone graft group (p = 0.000 on day 30). Conclusion: A mixture of propolis extract and bovine bone graft can increase BMP-2 and OSX expression in post-extraction sockets on days 7 and 30.