<![CDATA[This study investigates LiMn2O4 composites incorporated with nitrogen-functionalized rice husk-derived carbon as a sustainable secondary phase for cathode material development. Rice husk carbon was prepared through carbonization, acid-assisted activation, plasma treatment, and ammonia functionalization, then mechanically blended with LiMn2O4 at 2, 3, and 4 wt.% to obtain LMO-NC2, LMO-NC3, and LMO-NC4, respectively. FTIR analysis showed absorption bands at approximately 3390, 1625, 1400, 1008, 832, 702, and 460 cm⁻¹, corresponding to O–H, C=C, C=N, Si–O, and Mn–O-related vibrations. The minimum transmittance decreased from LMO-NC2 to LMO-NC4, particularly at ~1400 cm⁻¹ from 17.13% to 16.01%, indicating stronger carbon/nitrogen-related surface features. SEM revealed layered LiMn2O4, fine carbon deposits, interparticle voids, and agglomeration. XRD showed characteristic spinel LiMn2O4 indexed to the (111), (311), (222), (400), (331), (511), and (440) planes. BET adsorption volume increased from 160 cc/g for LMO-NC2 to approximately 169 and 176 cc/g for LMO-NC3 and LMO-NC4 at P/P₀ = 0.31. These findings demonstrate the potential of rice husk-derived carbon for sustainable LiMn2O4 composite design, supporting responsible consumption and production under SDG 12.]]>
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