<![CDATA[The designation of Lake Toba Caldera as a UNESCO Global Geopark on 7 July 2020 has reshaped the profile of foreign visitors to the area, shifting it from ordinary tourism traffic toward internationally scaled visits involving researchers, delegations, journalists, and tourists from many countries. This shift calls for a reconsideration of how immigration supervision is designed in an area spanning seven regencies and involving multiple institutions at once. This article was developed through a literature study of immigration legislation, tourism policy documents, and prior scholarly work, with the aim of constructing a conceptual framework for analysing immigration supervision of foreign nationals in internationally designated geopark areas. The proposed framework combines Soerjono Soekanto's Legal Effectiveness Theory five factors: the law itself, law enforcers, facilities, society, and legal culture with Supervision Theory, which emphasises a cycle of standard-setting, performance measurement, and corrective action. The study suggests that the gap between das Sollen and das Sein in immigration supervision in geopark areas stems from the interaction between these five factors and three distinctive characteristics of internationally designated geoparks: cross-regency territorial breadth, inter-agency authority fragmentation, and international management standards. The article proposes three conceptual propositions for empirical testing in subsequent research, while also offering an analytical model that can be replicated in other geoparks or national strategic tourism areas in Indonesia.]]>
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