<![CDATA[Kandelia candel (L.) Druce is a mangrove species with a limited population in Indonesia, capable of optimal growth only under specific habitat conditions. This study aimed to examine the growth structure and environmental conditions supporting the natural regeneration of K. candel in an open mangrove habitat in Sungai Belidak Village, Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan. A descriptive survey method was employed, involving vegetation observation and the measurement of environmental parameters, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, light intensity, and substrate type and texture. The results revealed the following distribution of K. candel individuals: 84 seedlings (67.74%), 28 samplings (22.58%), 11 poles (8.87%), and 1 mature tree (0.81%). The physical aquatic environment at the study site was favorable, with an average temperature of 28.4°C, pH of 7.3, dissolved oxygen of 6.1 mg/L, and light intensity of 3,962 lux. The substrate was dominated by fine mud with sandy clay and fine clay textures, which supported the stability and root system development of the seedlings. These conditions indicate that open mangrove habitats characterized by high light exposure, stable substrates, and low competitive pressure provide a suitable environment for the natural regeneration of K. candel. The findings of this study are expected to serve as a basis for habitat-based conservation planning and management to support the sustainable preservation of the species.]]>
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