<![CDATA[Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires accessible complementary strategies to support glycemic control. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of foot exercise, kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) leaf infusion, and their combination on random blood glucose levels. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study with four parallel groups involved 60 adults with T2DM, allocated equally to diabetic foot exercise, kersen leaf infusion, combined intervention, or control groups (n = 15 each). Interventions were delivered for two weeks. Foot exercise consisted of seven movements for approximately 30 minutes, three times weekly, while the infusion group received 100 mL of warm kersen leaf infusion once daily before bedtime. Random blood glucose was measured before and after the intervention using a glucometer. Within-group changes were examined using paired t-tests, and post-intervention differences among the four groups were evaluated using one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc comparisons. The results of this study showed that blood glucose decreased significantly in the diabetic foot exercise group (mean change 16.67 mg/dL; 95% CI 3.08-30.26; p=0.020), kersen infusion group (12.53 mg/dL; 95% CI 6.24-18.83; p=0.001), and combination group (39.07 mg/dL; 95% CI 19.48-58.65; p=0.001), but not in the control group (9.87 mg/dL; 95% CI -5.50 to 25.23; p=0.190). Bonferroni analysis showed lower posttest glucose in the combination group than in the foot-exercise group (mean difference -64.80 mg/dL; 95% CI -119.94 to -9.66; p=0.013). In conclusion, the combined intervention produced the largest reduction and significantly lower posttest glucose than foot exercise alone and control.]]>
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