Microwave-Synthesized Hydroxyapatite from Quail Eggshell for Pb(II) Removal

Matlal Fajri Alif (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia)
Yulia Eka Putri (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia)
Frisca Aulanny (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia)

Eksakta : Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA
Vol. 27 No. 04 (2026): Eksakta : Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA (E-ISSN : 2549-7464) In Progress

Hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) is a primary constituent of bones and teeth. It has also been widely developed as a promising adsorbent for removing heavy metals. In this study, Pb(II) removal was achieved via adsorption using HAp. Quail eggshell waste served as the calcium source for HAp synthesis, while NH4H2PO4 provided the phosphate source. A microwave-assisted method was used to improve time and energy efficiency and obtain high-purity, homogeneous HAp. This study optimizes Pb(II) removal parameters using the batch adsorption method. Characterization of HAp before and after Pb(II) ion adsorption was performed using XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDX. HAp was successfully synthesized with a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.69. The study determined that optimal Pb(II) removal occurred at pH 5, with a concentration of 1100 mg/L and a contact time of 60 minutes, yielding an adsorption capacity of 499.334 mg/g and removal efficiency of 90.788%. The Langmuir isotherm model and the PSO kinetic model described the Pb(II) removal process. The material was tested on water samples from the Batang Arau River estuary, specifically near the Siti Nurbaya Bridge, achieving a removal efficiency of 89.86%. Producing HAp from quail eggshell waste using the microwave-assisted method proved effective for the adsorption of Pb(II).