The utilization of robotic technology as a support for rehabilitative nursing care in stroke patients with impaired physical mobility: A scoping review

Indra Frana Jaya KK (Program Studi Spesialis Keperawatan Medikal Bedah, Fakultas Keperawatan, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia Program Studi Keperawatan, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Hesti Wira Sriwijaya, Palembang, Sumatera Selatan, Indonesia)
Aris Citra Wisuda (Program Studi Spesialis Keperawatan Medikal Bedah, Fakultas Keperawatan, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Bina Husada, Palembang, Indonesia)
M Agung Akbar (Departemen Keperawatan Komunitas, Fakultas Ilmu Keperawatan, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia)
Afrida Pratiwi (Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Bina Husada, Palembang, Indonesia)
Agusdiman Saputra (Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Bina Husada, Palembang, Indonesia)
Ahmad Zulfikri (Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Bina Husada, Palembang, Indonesia)
Arif Billah Pangestu Idil Adha (Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Bina Husada, Palembang, Indonesia)
Ayu Andira (Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Bina Husada, Palembang, Indonesia)
Ayu Safitriyana (Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Bina Husada, Palembang, Indonesia)

Lentera Perawat
Vol. 7 No. 3 (2026): July - September

Background: Stroke frequently causes persistent mobility impairment and dependence. Robotic rehabilitation offers intensive, repetitive, and measurable practice, but its integration with rehabilitative nursing care remains insufficiently mapped. Objective: To map robotic technologies used for adult stroke survivors with impaired physical mobility, summarize functional outcomes, and identify implications and evidence gaps for rehabilitative nursing care. Methods: A scoping review guided by PRISMA-ScR was conducted. PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and Wiley Online Library were searched for peer-reviewed primary studies published in English from January 2019 to May 2026. Eligible studies involved adult stroke survivors, evaluated a robotic rehabilitation technology, and reported mobility- or function-related outcomes. Data were charted and synthesized descriptively. Results: Twenty-seven studies were charted. Technologies included robot-assisted gait-training systems, lower-limb exoskeletons, end-effector devices, upper-limb robotic systems, robotic hand devices, soft robotic gloves, and socially assistive robots. Reported benefits primarily concerned gait, balance, limb motor function, coordination, activities of daily living, and independence. Findings were heterogeneous, and robotic interventions were not consistently superior to intensive conventional rehabilitation. Nursing relevance centered on readiness and mobility assessment, fall-risk management, monitoring of physiological and activity tolerance, education, motivation, and evaluation of nursing-sensitive functional outcomes. Few studies explicitly evaluated nurses' roles or integration with the nursing process. Conclusion: Robotic technology is a promising adjunct to interdisciplinary stroke rehabilitation but should not replace conventional therapy or therapeutic human interaction. Nursing-led implementation research is needed to establish safety protocols, competency requirements, workflow models, patient-selection criteria, and nursing-sensitive outcomes.