<![CDATA[Abstract—Electrical energy is essential for industrial, commercial, and household activities, while the continued use of non-renewable resources creates concerns regarding future energy availability. This study designs and develops a pico-hydropower prototype using a cross-flow turbine and a Mamdani fuzzy control system to regulate water flow and stabilise generator output. The system consists of a DC generator, an ESP32 microcontroller, a YF-S201 water-flow sensor, a PZEM-004T voltage and current sensor, a solenoid valve, a relay module, and a DC–AC inverter. The research stages include literature study, system design, prototype fabrication, testing, data collection, and performance analysis. The fuzzy controller uses water discharge and output voltage as input variables and produces the valve-opening percentage as the control output. Experimental results show that the prototype responds to variations in water discharge and maintains the generated voltage within a stable range of approximately 11.4–12.1 V, whereas the system without fuzzy control produces larger voltage fluctuations. The prototype also demonstrates that increasing water discharge increases the available electrical output. Therefore, the proposed fuzzy-controlled pico-hydropower system can be used as a small-scale renewable-energy prototype for locations with limited water resources.]]>
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