<![CDATA[The protection of citizens abroad is one of the most fundamental manifestations of constitutional obligations in the modern constitutional legal system. Indonesia and the Philippines are the two largest sending countries of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and both face complex constitutional challenges regarding the fulfillment of human rights and legal protection for their citizens working abroad. This study aims to analyze and compare the framework of the state’s constitutional responsibilities, the institutional architecture of the executive branch, and the dynamics of constitutional jurisprudence between Indonesia and the Philippines in providing protection for migrant workers. Employing a comparative legal research method alongside legislative and conceptual approaches, this study finds that the Philippines has developed a model of extraterritorial protection. In contrast, Indonesia has established strong constitutional guarantees in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and Law No. 18 of 2017 on the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers. This study recommends the consolidation of executive institutions and the establishment of an independent extraterritorial legal aid fund for Indonesian migrant workers.]]>
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