<![CDATA[This study examines the development of the Constitutional Court’s interpretation of Structured, Systematic, and Massive (TSM) violations in the settlement of disputes arising from the 2024 Regional Head Election. The analysis is grounded in theory of judicial interpretation, constitutional justice, and substantive justice to explain the Court’s evolving constitutional reasoning in safeguarding electoral integrity. This research employs doctrinal legal research using statutory and case approaches, analysing forty Constitutional Court decisions concerning 2024 Regional Head Election disputes that proceeded to the evidentiary hearing stage. The study finds that the Constitutional Court’s interpretation of TSM violations has evolved from a predominantly vote-count-oriented assessment toward a broader constitutional evaluation of whether serious electoral violations substantially affected the integrity and legitimacy of election results. Rather than disregarding vote calculation, the Court treated proven TSM violations as constitutionally relevant where they distorted the fairness of the electoral process and ultimately affected the validity of election outcomes. This development reflects a shift from a predominantly procedural approach toward a model of constitutional justice that places greater emphasis on substantive justice in election dispute adjudication. The Court also recognised new forms of TSM violations, including the involvement of high-ranking state officials, the mobilisation of village heads, violations of the cooling-off period applicable to former convicts, falsification of administrative documents, and violations of constitutional term limits. This study contributes to the development of constitutional jurisprudence on TSM violations and provides a normative framework for strengthening the future settlement of regional election disputes in Indonesia.]]>
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