<![CDATA[This study aims to analyze the leadership styles adopted by elementary school principals and their influence on learning implementation. A qualitative approach with a multi-site case study design was employed in two Islamic elementary schools to compare leadership practices and identify their similarities, differences, and distinctive characteristics. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis, and were analyzed using within-site and cross-site analysis. The findings show that effective school leadership is not determined by a single leadership style but by the principal’s ability to integrate multiple approaches according to organizational conditions, school culture, and educational needs. Adaptive leadership, combining transformational, participative, instructional, and exemplary leadership practices, enhances teacher performance, strengthens collaboration, creates a supportive learning environment, and improves instructional effectiveness. The novelty of this study is the identification of an adaptive leadership model that integrates diverse leadership styles as a practical framework for addressing the dynamic challenges and educational needs of elementary school organizations.]]>
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