<![CDATA[This study aims to analyze the interaction dynamics between pluralism and universalism in Israelite theology and its implications for the epistemology of knowing YHWH. Utilizing a qualitative approach based on literature research, this study employs systematic-theological and biblical-historical analyses. Primary data were gathered from Old Testament biblical texts, while secondary data encompassed biblical theology literature, peer-reviewed journals, and Ancient Near Eastern historiography. The findings reveal that pluralism in the Ancient Near East was not merely an external threat, but a permanent context shaping Israel's faith journey. Israel's responses to pluralism fall into five typologies: exclusive monotheism, syncretism, cultural assimilation, theological rebellion, and repentance. The multidimensional impact of pluralism degraded monotheism into pragmatic monolatry, corrupted moral standards, and eroded Israel's missional identity. The primary cause of this spiritual erosion was rooted in internal failures to transmit the knowledge of YHWH across generations. This study concludes that faith resilience against pluralism is fundamentally determined by the quality of intergenerational faith transmission within the community.]]>
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