<![CDATA[This article examines the process of grammaticalization of relational nouns in the history of Turkic languages through historical-comparative and functional-semantic approaches. The primary aim of the study is to identify the mechanisms through which spatial nouns that initially existed as independent lexical units gradually developed into means of expressing grammatical relations, and to determine the general and language-specific patterns of this process in the historical development of Turkic languages. The study analyzes the historical use and functional load of units expressing such semantic categories as space, direction, delimitation, proximity, distance, opposition, instrumentality, and relation. In addition, by comparing written sources from different historical periods of the Turkic languages with data from modern Turkic languages, the study identifies the directions, stages, and functional-semantic development of the grammaticalization of relational nouns. The findings contribute to the study of the historical grammar of Turkic languages, comparative-historical linguistics, and the theory of grammaticalization.]]>
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