<![CDATA[This study addresses the challenge of frequency stabilization in a complex two-area hybrid power system subjected to load disturbances. Area 1 comprises thermal, hydro, and wind power generation, while Area 2 integrates thermal, hydro, and gas turbine units, presenting a diverse and realistic system for control strategies. The inherent nonlinearities and varying dynamics of these generation sources, particularly wind power, necessitate a robust and advanced control solution. The proposed Puma optimizer-driven fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller is developed to enhance dynamic performance under load disturbances and renewable energy fluctuations. The proposed Puma optimizer-based fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (PO-FOPID) controller is rigorously validated against a Puma optimizer-based proportional-integral-derivative (PO-PID) controller, a PSO-tuned PID controller, and a PSO-tuned fractional-order PID (PSO-FOPID) controller. The settling time and peak overshoot/undershoot are considered for comparison, while the integral of time multiplied by the absolute error (ITAE) performance index is used as the objective function to be minimized. The findings highlight the potential of combining Puma optimizer with fractional-order control for reliable frequency regulation in modern hybrid power systems.]]>
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